Carrion Crow

Listen to example recordings of the main vocalisations of Carrion Crow, provided by xeno-canto contributors.

This species can be found on the following statutory and conservation listings and schedules.

UK Birds of Conservation Concern	Green listed
Species of European Conservation Concern	Least Concern
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (global)	Least Concern
Schedule 1 license required (to disturb)	No
Birds Directive Annex 1	No
Listed on the Annexes of	WBD(II*)

Carrion Crows have increased consistently since the 1960s (Gregory & Marchant 1996) although there are signs that the increase has slowed in recent years. Since 1995 the BBS has recorded ongoing shallow increase in England offset by stability (or minor decrease since 2000) in Scotland, with a fluctuating trend in Wales. The BBS map of change in relative density between 1994-96 and 2007-09 indicates that, despite strong increase in southeastern England and much of Scotland, there had been sharp decreases during that period in southwestern England, Wales, upland England and northeastern Scotland. Since 1968, nest failure rates have fallen steeply and laying date has advanced by eight days. There has been an increase among Carrion and Hooded Crows, taken together, across Europe since 1980 (PECBMS: PECBMS 2020a>).

UK breeding population

+18% increase (1995–2022)

Carrion Crows are widely distributed throughout England, Wales, the Channel Islands and south and east Scotland. They are replaced by Hooded Crows in Ireland and western Scotland, including the Hebrides and Northern Isles. Densities are highest on low ground, with mixed and pastoral farmland, in southeast and central England into eastern Wales, the central lowlands of Scotland and northeast Scotland.

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Occupied 10-km squares in UK

No. occupied in breeding season	2452
% occupied in breeding season	81
No. occupied in winter	2500
% occupied in winter	83

European Distribution Map

European Breeding Bird Atlas 2

Breeding Season Habitats

Most frequent in	Towns
Also common in	Pasture Farmland, Villages, Deciduous Wood

Relative frequency by habitat

Relative occurrence in different habitat types during the breeding season.

There has been a 6% range expansion since the 1968–72 Breeding Atlas. Most gains were in western Scotland and Ireland, though many involve 10-km squares with only single birds and the occasional pair.

Carrion Crow is recorded throughout the year on up to 60% of complete lists.

View a summary of recoveries in the Online Ringing Report.

Foreign locations of birds ringed or recovered in Britain & Ireland

View number ringed each year in the Online Ringing Report

Maximum Age from Ringing	20 years 10 months 7 days (set in 2017)
Typical Lifespan	4 years with breeding typically at 2 year
Adult Survival	0.52
Juvenile Survival	0.49 (in first year)

Wing Length	Adults	309.3±20.9 | Range 283–335mm, N=92
	Juveniles	299.2±22 | Range 259-325mm, N=33
	Males	319.6±14

Body Weight	Adults	509±65.3 | Range 410–610g, N=51
	Juveniles	429±76.8 | Range 295–543g, N=28

Feather measurements and photos on featherbase

Ring size	Fv
Field Codes	2-letter: C. | 5-letter code: CARCR | Euring: 15671

For information in another language (where available) click on a linked name

Causes of change

There are few specific studies providing evidence for the causes of the increase in this species, although evidence presented here shows that increases in breeding success have been important. Ecological causes of this could be increases in food availability and the increasing suitability of urban areas (driving the species' expansion there), although specific evidence supporting these hypotheses is limited.

Further information on causes of change

The demographic trends shown here reveal that there was a strong increase in the number of fledglings produced per breeding attempt between 1968 and the late 1990s, reflecting a decline in daily failure rate of nests at the egg and chick stages. Clutch size is currently at a similar level to 1968, but brood size has decreased. The number of fledglings per breeding attempt has dropped slightly since the late 1990s, perhaps due to density dependent effects. This suggests that the increase in Carrion Crow numbers is related to increases in breeding success although, as there are no estimates of survival, it is not possible to say what part this has played.

This species is omnivorous and highly adaptable and is thus able to exploit changing habitats and the ephemeral food resources in intensive agriculture, from ploughed fields to grazed pasture, allowing breeding pairs to hold territories year-round. It is also able to exploit the varied food sources found in towns and cities. Richner (1992) provided good evidence that food-supplemented pairs had a higher nesting success and produced more and heavier fledglings, demonstrating that food limitation can cause low fitness for individuals and thus could potentially restrict population-level reproductive success. In a local study, Yom-Tov (1974) showed that provision of excess food improved chick survival, and concluded that the distribution pattern of food was the ultimate factor limiting breeding success, perhaps because this affects levels of intraspecific nest predation. Although the impact on population size was not considered in these studies, it is possible that food availability for Carrion Crows has increased and so helped support the population increase. O'Connor & Shrubb (1986) suggest that the general increase in density of sheep in upland areas, and the increase in carrion resulting from this, may be responsible for the expansion of Carrion Crow populations, although evidence for this was not given and this is clearly not relevant to lowland areas (where sheep numbers have decreased).

A second hypothesis to explain this species' increase is that control by gamekeepers has reduced, but evidence supporting this is limited. Tharme et al. (2001) stated that the control of Carrion Crows by gamekeepers was the most probable cause of the low densities on grouse moors, although they found no significant relationship between the number of gamekeepers and Carrion Crow density. Furthermore, bag returns have shown no overall change in the number of Carrion Crows killed since 1961 (Tapper 1992, Tapper & France 1992).

Information about conservation actions

Numbers have increased consistently from at least the 1970s onwards, hence the Carrion Crow is not a species of concern and no conservation actions are currently required.

On the contrary, legal control of carrion crows occurs on many shooting estates, and crows have been suggested as possible drivers in the declines of other species. In some cases it is possible that crows can have local effects on breeding productivity of songbirds (Stoate & Szczur 2010), although it is uncertain whether they can also have population level effects and hence whether controlling crows would be an effective method to help to conserve songbird populations. In the case of waders, nesting success for three out of six waders (curlew, redshank and lapwing) was significantly higher when avian predators (both Carrion Crows and Common Gulls) were controlled in one study (Parr 1993). However, another moorland study found that control of predators (including Carrion Crows) was ineffective and that population trends of waders at a managed site were no different to comparable trends elsewhere (Calladine et al. 2014a).